语法题请分析谢谢

这是一道“独立主格结构”问题：应该选A

请看下面两道典型考试选择题：
1、The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ＿＿＿＿ on benches, chairs or boxes.
A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having been seated
本题考察的是with引导的独立主格结构（也叫分词的独立结构），seat一般用被动形式表示主动意思，所以用过去分词，答案为C。
2、So many directors＿＿＿＿, the board meeting had to be put off.
A) were absent B) being absent C) been absent D) had been absent
本题考察的是分词的独立结构,主语与分词之间是主谓关系，因此选择B。
现就常见的独立主格结构作以下归纳：
一、 独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
二、 独立主格结构的形式：
在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话，分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词)，构成分词的独立结构，即独立主格结构(或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构，也有人把它视作固定表达)。

基本形式 一： 名词或代词（主格）+ to do／doing/done/adj./adv./Prep-.
【例如】
1. 名词/代词+ to do
A house to be built, we must save every cent.(=As a house is going to be built, …)
Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. (= so Wei Fang will come tomorrow. )
2. 名词/代词+ doing
The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready.
Mother being ill, Mary was very worried.
3. 名词/代词+ done
His cup broken, he used his bowl instead.
4. 名词/代词+ adj.
The ground muddy, we should be careful.
5. 名词/代词+ adv.
The class over, we all went out to play.
6. 名词/代词+ prep-
Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were.

基本形式二： with+名词/代词(宾格）+ to do
doing
done
Adj.
Adv.
Prep-.

【例如】：
1．He spoke to us with his mouse full of food.
2．He left the office with the lights on.
3．The engineer came with a notebook in his hand.
4．Don’t brush your teeth with water running.
5．With so much work to do, the manager felt very worried.
6．With the road blocked, they had to turn back and ran round another way.

基本形式三：独立主格结构的几个特殊形式
there be句型和it也能引出分词独立结构，作状语修饰主句，there和it相当于分词的逻辑主语。
【例如】
There being nothing else to do, we went home.
There having been no rain, the plants withered.
It being impossible for most students to turn in their papers as scheduled, the teacher decided to give them another two days.
三、独立主格结构的句法功能：
独立主格结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等，在句中主要用作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随等情况。
【例如】：
1、作时间状语
School over，the student went home.
The ceremony ended, the games began.
2、作条件状语(表示条件)
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
It being fine tomorrow, we’ll go boating.
Li Lei coming, it is not necessary to ask Wu Dong.
A force acting through a distance, work is done.
Both bright side and dark side considered, you will have the confidence to overcome this difficulty.
3、作原因状语(表示原因)
They being blind men, how could they see the elephants? ( =As they were blind men... )
Circumstances changed, it is necessary for you to make a new plan.
The meeting being put off, we needn’t hurry.
Mr. Li being ill, Miss Yang will give us this lesson instead.
4、作伴随状语(表伴随动作)
Mr. Li comes here, with a book in his hand.
A smile on her face, she asked what she could do for us.
She rushed out of the room, the little baby carried in her arms.
Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand.
5、附加说明
The moon has no light of its own, only sunlight shining on it.